Hi Nick,
Happy to help. Before guiding you to the right ACS tables, just a couple notes: First, ACS doesn't have data on ZIP Codes, but does have data on ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs), which are made to approximate ZIP Codes, but are not the same. I wrote about this here:
www.policymap.com/.../. Second, small-area data (like for ZCTAs) are calculated as 5-year estimates (in order to accumulate enough survey results to get a decent estimate). So your change-over time calculation will look something like change from the period of 2008-2012 to 2013-2017.
You can find the data you're looking for at the Census Factfinder, which has a reasonable search function. Here, for example, is a link to the Hispanic/Latino population:
factfinder.census.gov/.../B03002. You can add in a filter for your desired ZCTA and choose different years.
I also should mention PolicyMap (where I work), which has some of these indicators available. If your university subscribes, you can also download spreadsheets. Here, for example, is Hispanic/Latino population for ZCTAs in Illinois:
https://plcy.mp/vZgvqkx. Feel free to reach out offline with any questions about this (I don't want to shill too much on the message board).